French and Indian War DBQ Revise Essay

In the course of years through 1754-1763 the British were engaged in a war with their rival French. The conflict was known as the French and Indian War. It started when the colonies could not shift west, and the British trying to settle in the Ohio Valley and the French did not want them to expand. It was played entirely in North America with the colonials on the British side. The conflicts between French and the British would cause a drastic change in the colonial-British relationship. It would alter the political, economic, and philosophical relations. The political aspect would change when the British would start taxing the colonies to pay of debt accumulated by the war. Just like James Ottis said, â€Å"No taxation without representation,† The colonies agree with the statement and believed they had the right to be represented. If they had representation, it would have been virtual, instead of direct. With direct representation the colonies would be able to overpower the go vernment and vote for someone with their interests. The colonists though during this time were not use to the British paying so much attention, because Salutary Neglect happened before the war. This was when they loosely enforced the laws on the colonists. Other then the British now enforcing laws, the colonists also did not appreciate when they declared the Proclamation of 1763. Canassatego, chief said, â€Å"We must insist on your removing them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They set the proclamation to keep the Indians happy. This helped prevent another uproar like Pontiacs Rebellion, and also did not allow colonists to move westward. Also, during the war to keep the Iroquois Indians pleased, Franklin called the Albany Congress into plan. The economical piece also differed during the war. In the war, the British collected a great amount of debt. They believed that the colonials should be taxed to help pay off this debt. The British order in council said, â€Å"Not only is revenue impaired, but the commerce of colonies diverted for its natural course† (Doc F). They also believed in mercantilism, were they exported more than imported. By doing this they lost money and supplies, while benefiting the mother country. To repair money situations, the Navigation Acts were enforced to start generating revenue. After the Navigation Acts were enforced, the first act declared to raise money came to power. It was known as the Stamp Act. In Document H, â€Å"The TIMES are Dreadful, Doleful, Dismal, Dolorous, and DOLLAR-LESS† (Newspaper Masthead). This was proof of the colonies hatred to the stamp tax. The stamp act was like sales tax, where all merchandise purchased must be stamped. In the letter to John Huges from Benjamin Franklin, â€Å"Undertaking to execute it may make you unpopular for a time† (Doc G). The act by the British was unpopular with the colonist, because they did not want to help by paying the debt. Along with economics, the philosophical stance of America toward the British changed as well. At the end of the war colonists were feeling powerful and more independent minded. The French were no longer a threat and they had the desire to expand westward. The British on the other hand thought of the colonies in a whole different way. They believed they were laze and backwards. George Washington, â€Å"I wish earnestly to attain some knowledge of the military profession† (Doc C). George Washington worked with Braddock with the British and even ending the war his views started to change. With the average age being sixteen and doubling every twenty-five years the British would not allow the colonies direct vote. They could not let, because with the French out of the way the colonies could now take over with their population growing rapidly. With the population growing they wanted to expand west, but the Proclamation of 1763 would not permit it. Also now much of the land had shifted to the Spanish, with the French gone, as displayed in document A. The colonies believed they were being treated unfairly. In Massachusetts Soldier’s diary, â€Å"Who are but little better than slaves to their officers† (Doc D). The British wee cruel to them and this put an enormous impact on their relations. The political, economic, and philosophical relations of the British-colonial ship would be differed for the future to come. The relationship was strained, because of taxes needed to repay war debt, and not being represented for it. To have the claim over the river valley, but try to keep the Indians within their trust. They were there to please themselves and In the end the French lost almost all of the North American land that went to the Spanish. These conflicts led to the North American war called the French and Indian War, and later a greater conflict around the world as the seven years war.

Sop for Canada Student (Study Permit) Visa

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE I have always aspired to choose a career in a field that really stimulates me and holds a natural appeal to me. Today as I stand at the pathway of learning, I have with out hesitation chosen the field that excites me the most and draw the best of my abilities. The very quest to resolve the basic underlying principle of programming has been a source of tremendous inspiration and has promoted me to choose computers as my undergraduate and postgraduate. MY INTEREST:My inspiration to pursue a career in computer science was kindled by my high grades in Master of computer science and further due to my desire for challenging career. Computers was always been a compelling interest to me. Not only because of the depth of research that is possible in the fields, this being a developing field and I am aware that there is a large scope for improvement and vast exposure. I wish to pursue higher grades in my higher studies in this field. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:I was very fortu nate to have my foundation of my education in SBOA, where my aptitude for mathematics & science developed and was very keenly interested in these subjects. After completing my higher secondary schoolSBOAone of the leading colleges that produced excellent teaching staff & toppers. After completing my Intermediate educations I studied B. A from KARACHI UNIVERSITY (KARACHI). After B. A I completed MSC (database designing , software engineering and business process are my interesting subject ) from Preston university karachi.In 2006 I started my MS computer science (selected subjects data warehouse , database designing , software engineering and business process reengineering) from SVCE my thesis on business intelligence in education sector. During the few years of my studies, I was exposed to fundamental aspects and potentials of my Software engineering. Which helped me gain a firm grasp of fundamentals as well as developed a special liking for the Computer basics and its applications? WORKING EXPRERIENCE: For the past five years I have been working as a system analysis cum computer programmer at the SVCE.I am working on the design and development of a † university system†. This long period has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a PhD degree and also kindled a desire to do research. WHY YOUR UNIVERSITY: I have learnt from your dept brochure and various other sources about the extensive research being under taken, especially in my areas of interest under the guidance of your eminent faculty and state of art at your esteemed university. Ten years from now I see myself leading an active research been engaged in works of advanced research.Given a chance to pursue RESEARCH study at your university. I am confident of my ability to measure up to your standards. I hope my application will be received forwardly and assure you that my interest and dedication will be reflected in my course work. An assistantship wi ll certainly go a long way in motivating me further and strengthening my determination to realize my career objectives. My sole aim for coming to your country is to complete my MGMTscience that will enhance my career opportunities when I return to Pakistan.

How to balance Penn Foster studies with work and/or family demands Essay

Ther is a saying: â€Å"My purpose in life is to have a life with purposes† is a quote I lived by throughout many years. I think it is very important to have goals and to accomplish those goals a well as you can. I am forty seven years old, I am married and Father of two children, We have many purposes, one of them is their education , their health, but we also know that we don’t have enough time nor enough education to supply all their demands, and the many things that the current system demands. My new purpose is my graduation as Electrical Engineering Technology in Penn Foster College, perhaps It gives me the opportunity to study at distance in my own pace, and to make enough money to realize one of my dreams, â€Å"One of my purposes† without having to leave and still be able to be with my family, is very important to me. Our Daughter is Sixteen years old, She is currently a Junior in High School, where she is a part of important clubs and is on the varsity lacrosse team. Just like many teenagers Karen is very friendly and has a lot of different things happening in her life. She demands a lot of time from us; we have to getting her to and from school or practices everyday, there are also social events she attends. Our Son is ten years old; he is in elementary school and just started Karate classes. My Wife and I help each other out by taking turns with each of our child’s individual demands so we each have time to study. Even though it is not easy, it is worth it. We know that the sacrifices we make won’t only help our children with their future, but it will help ours too. Some day my plan is to retire as professional; and the Penn Foster studies is a great investment for the future of my family and I. Sometimes it is very difficult to make them understand why I am so busy. Why we do not go away for vaction as frequent as we did. Same thing occurs with my sisters and mother, they ask why I haven’t been attending a lot of the family events or why I don’t call as much as before. But there is just so many things I need to care for, and so many going through my head all through out the day, that when I do finally have free time, my main focus is too get in as much studying as possible. I decided to bring the books every where, to my work place, to my children practices, to some places that we are used to it, even to my bathroom. I installed shelves just to have them close to me. My son is always looking for me and ask me why take me so long in the bathroom when I don’t get out soon. My job demands many times to make more work hours over time or even on weekends, I try to do it, but I know that I have to dedicate some time to my studies and to my family, perhaps the more soon I can graduate, more soon We can see the results, and even more more soon I will dedicate more time to my family, because at the same time I will make more money as a professional Electrician. I hope some day, I can have my own electrical company, to get the licenses necessary to run it or who knows to apply for electrical inspector. I am thinking to have an administrative job as I am getting older.

The Burden on Ivory Tower in Community Colleges Essay

The Burden on Ivory Tower in Community Colleges - Essay Example The struggle between quantity and quality is not new to community colleges. Professor X points out different problems concerning education in community colleges and the admissibility of the students for college education. In his experience as an English teacher, he realized that â€Å"[their] presence together (Professor X and his students) in these evening classes is evidence that we [they] have screwed up† (2). This could be seen as a desperate remark of a teacher who thinks that he can do nothing to help the students because they lack all basic knowledge; however, this is the truth. On the other hand, it is also given that students pursuing higher education in community colleges have different purposes of participating and basically have lifestyles most adults have (e.g. attend to children’s needs, consider career growth). Because of this, the average performance of community college students may not be comparable to those who are studying in universities. Most of th em are returnees of school after many years of being plain workers. With the ambition of attaining degrees, students of higher education take courses â€Å"not because they want to but because they must,† just as in the case of Professor X’s class. The diversity of learning needs and generation gap of students made things difficult for Professor X. As a teacher of English, it is a headache for him to learn that most of his students in college could not even write coherent sentences like any high school student. Indeed, it is a great challenge for him to teach. His encounter with Ms. L highlighted the main points of the article. Ms. L represented the people who wants to go to a community college primarily for career growth. She could be one of those 36% of community college students who are able to get an associate or bachelor’s degree (Marklein), or maybe not. In Professor X’s experience, the problem roots from the pre-requisite subjects that students â⠂¬Å"must† take for them to complete a degree and the management of community colleges as a whole. It is said the community colleges are having â€Å"an identity crisis† (Evelyn, qtd. in Inoue and Bell 128). The management and the admission process are leniently addressed in community colleges. Inoue and Bell contend that community colleges are â€Å"trying to be all things to all people all the time† (129) which does not sound favorable for mastery of learning. Many of the students are not well-informed about how to use the computer and internet, which are necessary tools for college paper making. Nevada’s state community colleges, however, are beginning to notice this problem by developing quality rather than quantity of their students (Richmond). This can be done by adding the budget for education. This can be feasible, however, it should be noted also that the students of those schools primarily want a brush-up for certain subjects which they failed to take to complete their degree or full time workers in the morning and students in the evening. With these kinds of students, increasing the budget would not be enough; same goes with

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 28

Assignment - Essay Example There are also people, who have faith in this third generation mode of transaction. Despite the rapidly increasing Bitcoin’s exchange rate against fiat currencies, there has been a lot debate that whether Bitcoin has a value or not. An article published last year in April on Business Insider argued over the intrinsic value of Bitcoin. Joe, the author of that article, referred to various voices that in some way either supported the idea or went against it. Some of the questions that were raised and answered in this article were pretty obvious one. The first assertion that has been made by the proponents of Bitcoin is that its value will continue to rise, there will be no deflation, and since there is only a certain limit to which Bitcoins will be produced i.e. twenty one million. Joe argues that Bitcoins are not collectable items that are to be stored and hope that their value will rise due to scarcity in production, because it is not compulsory that anything which has a limited production will eventually gain some value. Moreover, since it is a virtual concept, it can be cloned easily and replaced. He further explains the concept of fiat currency in comparison to Bitcoin, and he has tried to prove that why it i s necessary for a currency to have backing from strong authorities, and the volatility of currencies that are not being authorized by governments. Authorities not only maintain regular check and balance while fortifying currency, but they also provide a specific degree of insurance security in certain cases. Another factor that will prevent Bitcoin from attaining a slot as an alternate to fiat currency is that there are only few people who are ready to trade virtually. Therefore, Joe believes that there is no reason to consider Bitcoin as Gold 2.0. Jay Yarow (n.p.), probably Joe’s colleague at Business Insider, wrote earlier this year an article about Bitcoin and one of its ardent proponents. In his article he referred

Financial planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial planning - Assignment Example In the absence of the business knowledge, the company would not capable of competing effectively. 2. Investors are instrumental to economic growth. Dissatisfaction of the investors elicits disengagement from doing business in a given location (Taylor, 2012). The consequences of such moves include deterioration of economic growth. Thus, the interest of the clients comes first when designing policies that would affect business environment. Insensitive policies client’s demand often restrain investments. Similarly, clients often prefer to dissociate with businesses that fail to address their concerns. Good business policies affect investors as well as their clients. Conflict of interest is a critical concern to business growth because it affects the way investors would do business. Many investors are willing to engage in businesses that have limiting conflict of interests. 3. First, the business will be uncompetitive in the target market. Inappropriate advice limits the ability to address the needs of the consumers in target market resulting to lack of competitiveness. Second, inappropriate advice precipitates business failure because the company would be incapable of meeting the expectations of the clients (Taylor, 2012). The viability of the business largely depends on appropriate measures that it takes when handling the needs of the consumers. Lastly, inappropriate advice elicit inappropriate responses, for example, if the business does not receive appropriate advice on how to manage address the concerns of the employees it might end up loosing talented workers. Largely, the advise should be tailored towards addressing the business needs. 4. This strategy would change image of the business and consumer brand promise. The design of products tends to influence the image of the company in the eyes of the consumers. Improving the company’s products with respect to clients needs is one the mechanism of

MUSCULOSKELETAL CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

MUSCULOSKELETAL CASE STUDY - Essay Example The patient states that he has had this pain in the past, but it usually went away, and it was never this severe and he has never had the tingling sensation that he is having now. He describes the pain to be located at the middle of his back, near the waist (mainly lumbar), and is exacerbated when he bends forward. There is numbness and tingling that radiates down the back of the right thigh to the toes. The pain and numbness has been increasing for the past three days without relief, and he has tried stretching, as well as over the counter Ibuprofen. He reports that the pain is so bad that he is currently out of work, has been having problems sleeping and the only thing that helps is the use of his friend’s medication (does not state which medication it is). His main concerns today are that he will not be able to return to work to make money; he has no health insurance and is concerned that he may have a herniated disk. Includes similar back pain that was never this severe, and he sought the help of a chiropractor three years ago, and with manipulation, the pain was relieved. He denies any chronic medical problems, surgeries or hospitalizations. Reports increased weight gain. He does not seek medical attention on a routine basis, nor does he have any recent blood work or imaging studies. He reports having a penicillin allergy that causes rash, and does not take any prescription medication, however, has been taking ibuprofen 800mg every 4 hours for his pain and is compliant with the regimen. He is the sole offspring, and both parents are positive for hypercholesteremia, his father has prostate cancer and has a positive family history of heart disease. A review reveals lumbar pain with radiation to the right buttock and positive for tingling and numbness to the toe. He denies urinary or bowel incontinence, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain or pain with urination, and no gross hematuria. He has decreased strength of the

Moral rights are incompatible with the new digital environment in Essay

Moral rights are incompatible with the new digital environment in which copyright operates. Discuss in the light of(a) the technicaland (b)the practicalan - Essay Example One has to consider what moral rights are because morality is a very hard area to regulate, because one could argue that it is immoral for those with the digital technology to abuse the ownership rights of the copyright owner by making it available to all those who access the website for free1. Yet, on the other hand, one could argue that it is immoral for the copyright holder not to freely disclose information over the internet for free, especially if it benefits society on either educational or health and safety ground2. One could argue that the confidentiality and copyright afforded to Prince Charles over his diaries was immoral because is it right that the next King of England harbors such overtly biased political views Therefore this discussion will have to consider what is moral and not moral, which is a very difficult endeavor because morality one could argue is a subjective view. This exploration will also focus on the WIPO treaty because it is the latest in the international legal framework to balance the rights of society (Utilitarian Rights) and the rights of the individual (Personality Theory Rights) in the new digital age. ... Intellectual Property, Copyright & Rights: Intellectual property rights like property rights have been protected in UK, US and Canadian law as individual and not the realm of the government to encroach into them. This is different from the approach being suggested in global copyright harmonization which considers a different approach, a utilitarian approach which weighs up the interests of society against the individual where the rights of the many outweigh the rights of the few. Copyright in Intellectual Property law usually refers to the protection of ideas in intellectual property prior to their public release; therefore in respect to copyright it can also refer to artistic designs of goods and jingles prior to completion, but the most important factor is that it portrays the traditional approach of UK law, which is similar to the US and Canada, i.e. individual property rights should not be invaded against by government, i.e. they can not be treated in a utilitarian manner, rather the personal and public concerns need to weighed and balanced. The most interesting area of intellectual property law and copyright law is personal rights v's the general welfare of society, i.e. the public nature of artistic and literary works v's protection a persons private property rights in respect to copyright items. The International Copyright Treaty is the latest in a long line of international copyright harmonization. Copyright protection is afforded to literary and artistic works that are in substantial form, i.e. sheet music, recording or written book. The work must be original and not copied.3 There also has to be labor and skill performed by the author/artist4 and

Analysis of Green Space and its Accessibility in AL-Madinah City, Essay

Analysis of Green Space and its Accessibility in AL-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia, - Essay Example Green spaces are of great importance both for ecological balance and for the health of individuals (Heidt and Neef, 2008). They play a fundamental role in providing opportunities for rest, relaxation and enjoying the beauty of nature for the urban population wishing to escape the daily stresses of urban life. Moreover, green spaces facilitate sport and leisure activities. In reference to the ecological benefits green space absorbs and expels pollutants from the environment, by acting as an urban heat sink thereby protecting urban biodiversity. Green spaces are important for improving the air quality during the day, ridding it of carbon dioxide and other pollutants; they also beautify the environment, create a soothing atmosphere, and protect people from the glare and heat of the sun This research will develop and extend current methods for the spatial analysis of patterns of green space accessibility with regards to all segments of the population in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Increasing rates of urbanization in Madinah have led to increased pressure on many of the services and facilities, especially green spaces and gardens which are a key requirement for high density neighborhoods as they beneficial for the human life and for the environment as well. Thus, there is need to analyze these patterns and accessibility in order to guide green space planning both now and into the future.The huge evolution in Geographic Information Systems techniques can be used to analysis the accessibility to green spaces.... he services and facilities, especially green spaces and gardens which are a key requirement for high density neighborhoods as they beneficial for the human life and for the environment as well. Thus, there is need to analyze these patterns and accessibility in order to guide green space planning both now and into the future. The huge evolution in Geographic Information Systems techniques (Spatial Analysis, Modelling, Spatial Assessment, Network analysis) can be used to analysis the accessibility to green spaces. During GIS analysis of access to green space, it is imperative to compare the official classification of land area with the land use pattern on the ground. According to Chang (2008), classifying land portion is a viable method of appreciating land use in an area. Chang (2008), in his study, analyzes the accessibility of green space in terms of land area use. He compared the land use matrices in different areas in order to ascertain green space accessibility by considering the impact of different land uses over the accessibility of green spaces (Chang, 2008). Chang (2008) found that the impacts of land use, such as commercial and industrial activities, are directly proportional to area dweller’s access to the green space. The aim of this research is to analyse: [1] the geographical distribution of green spaces and [2] the factors that affect accessibility to green spaces to ensure that any future development addresses the issue of equitable distribution and access to parks and green spaces. The study will analyze the geographical distribution of green spaces and their facilities in Madinah by collecting relevant data from various parks of the city. The results will be represented through tables, graphs, and maps to show the pattern of geographical

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY (GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK) Research Paper

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY (GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK) - Research Paper Example The Blue Ridge Parkway is a carefully designed landscape that has been set in a narrow corridor of a protected land estimated to be about 88,000 acres (Whisnant 2). As the name suggests, it is a way through a park with boundaries surrounding the entire landscape designed to present and protect the Pathway. The park is owned and managed by the National Park Service system of the American public and is also the key component of the larger southern Appalachian park complex. The Blue Ridge Parkway is known to be an America’s most favorite drive that spans over 400 miles from Shenandoah Valley in Virginia to the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina (Karen 2). It is the second most visited National Park Services unit and annually welcomes over one million visitors (Reco 2). The park connects Shenandoah National Park in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Cherokee. It I also fed all round by several exits and entrances at all major federal and state highways extending even to towns and communities surrounding the region. Along the Blue Bridge Parkway are major cities like Boone, Asheville, NC, Roanoke, and VA. From its time of construction, the park still evolves through a dynamic increase of relationships in different facets. For instance, there is a continuous change in the landowners, the surrounding communities, and the public (Whisnant 2). Winding its way through 12 Virginia and 17 North California counties, it is characterized by beautiful and uncountable Appalachian landscapes. It is also surrounded by numerous communities with a profound impact on their social, economic, and cultures. The construction of the Pathway was a product of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Great Depression’s New Deal Programs to provide employment to the people to boost the economy of the United States. As the primary

Reach Out and Touch Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reach Out and Touch - Coursework Example She does this in attempts to describe the color of her skin and declares it magical as the child seems never to have seen someone of her color before. In addition, the child’s expectations of the neck to come off by touching it indicate a wonder from the child’s perspective. The difference in skin color between the children and the narrator is what drives the children into reaching out to her out of wonder as it seems as though they have never seen such before. From the narrator’s perspective, it seems her skin color has attracted more attention towards her as she appears to be used to it and even sees it okay for the children to touch her. In respect to age, the children’s reaction to the colored woman is with wonder and innocence while the grown women react differently. The mother’s child disciplines her children by slapping their hands and hushing them off, while the narrator smiles at them and even wishes she was seated next to them to assure them that their reactions were okay. When I was about five years, my family was hosting my aunts and uncles for a Thanks Giving ceremony. One of my uncles, however, didn’t look like the rest, according to my judgment. He looked scary and I did not not want to be anywhere near him. The rest of the family seemed not to be worried and actually behaved as though he was normal. I however came to learn that he had survived third degree burns on his body after arsonists burned down his

Classical Education Essay Example for Free

Classical Education Essay Some people hold the view that the classics are classics because they have stood the test of time. Therefore, they are to be treasured by people of all generations, ours being no exception. Others believe that the classics represent the wisdom of the past. As we are advancing towards the future, it is our responsibility to venture into the unknown and generate new understanding of man and nature. What is your view on this issue? Write an essay in 300 – 500 words in response to this question and give reasons to support your position. Classical education is ‘ communicates to the mind †¦ a high sense of honor, a disdain of death in a good cause, and a passionate devotion to the welfare of one’s country’ , which proposed by Oxford classicist Edward Copleston. Classics studies indeed have stood the test of time and represent the wisdom of the past which treasured by all generations. Therefore, it is our responsibility to venture into the unknown and generate new understanding of man and nature. Traditionally, the study of classics was the principal study of the humanities. It is connected to the study of languages, history, art, literature, philosophy, archaeology and other culture of the ancient Mediterranean word, especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. For example, every European language today such as the Romance languages and Modern Greek was evolved and influenced by the classical language of the Ancient Mediterranean. Nevertheless, classical study now expanded to Northern Africa and Middle East. It has become our references in many different arenas and immensely contributed to our culture today which proves that classic studies have the ability to transform self’s understanding. According to Charles Augustin Sainte-Beure’s idea and belief, a true classic is an author who has enriched the human mind and revealed some eternal passion through his thought, observation, or invention. Therefore, it could be opposed by anyone since each and everyone have different thoughts and ideas influenced by their present lifestyles, culture or even discovery.

Nonmaleficence Pillars Of Health System

Nonmaleficence Pillars Of Health System Abstract: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence are the main â€Å"pillars† of the health care system. These two ethical principles seem to be the foundation and set a basic framework for the practice of health care. Hippocrates recognized the significance of these two principles and he pledged to practice healthcare following them (Morrison 48). The function of these two principles go beyond treatment of patients, in fact, it is relevant when dealing with the healthcare staff. As a health care administrator it is vital to create a working environment that runs by the two ethical principles as well as the ethical principle of justice. Justice comes into play because it is a healthcare administrators responsibility and obligation to make sure that each individual staff members is being treated fairly and equally. Thus, ethical issues that are raised in the workplace, specifically, in a health care facility, more often are associated with the principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justic e. A health care administrator is expected to follow all ethical guidelines in the practice of health care. The principle of nonmaleficence is to prevent harm from occurring or the â€Å"duty to avoid harming others† (Morrison 48). This is associated with the treatment of patients which should be done with care and not carelessly. Additionally, the patients autonomy should not be violated under any circumstance in order to prevent potential harm from taking place. In the â€Å"U.S. Hostile Workplace Survey† that was taken in the year 2000 showed that about one out of six workers in a workplace experience some type of bullying that occurred within the last six months (ahanews.com). This shows that some health care administrators are not fully looking after their healthcare facilities and this is allowing bullying to take place. In this case, the healthcare administrator is not doing his/her job in preventing harm, and is therefore not following the ethical principle of nonm aleficence. Furthermore, nonmaleficence goes beyond merely preventing physical harm that might take place during a treatment procedure such as surgery, but it also refers to preventing any harm from occurring to the staff and healthcare facility. The benefits and harms are most often weighed against each other in health care to guide what needs to be done. It is a responsibility of the health care administrator to construct an environment that is not harmful for the employees or staff members. In addition to preventing harm to patients, you must prevent any harm from occurring to the staff as well. The issues of discrimination, bullying and harassment, including sexual harassment in the working environment must be fully and openly addressed. These topics should be taken in as being intolerable and potential harm should be prevented to the employees in risk of these. Moreover, any type of bullying that may occur in the work force should be prevented. Bullying in the workforce is extremely prevalent and this most commonly leads to depression and lowered morale of the individual staff member being bullied. There should be a positive environment in the work area for open discussion and no fear of judgment in the case of telling the HCA about the bullying. There should be an ease to talk to the HCA, and he/she should create an open relation ship with the staff so there is strict guidelines needed to be followed, but an openness to speak about issues of bullying, discrimination, or harassment. There should be a procedure to report someone who is harassed and they should not feel fear of reprisal for mentioning the issue. The supervisor should not be so strict or too lenient because the staff could be scared or too comfortable with him/her. In order to be fair and equal and prevent any harm by being too strict or too lenient, the principles of justice and nonmaleficence need to be followed. Bullying can include â€Å"intimidating and disruptive behaviors† which can cause significant issues for a staff member who is experiencing lowered morale. The staff member being bullied could have trouble caring for the patient as effectively, thus can cause â€Å"poor patient satisfaction†. Patient care in a healthcare facility is reliant on â€Å"teamwork, communication, and a collaborative work environment.† It is important to provide a safe environment and to do so a health care professional who is experiencing bullying or seeing it occur should report it or address the issue. Addressing the issue is very crucial to the success of performance and patient care. The joint effort is needed in health care organizations and a mere act of bullying can affect the entire healthcare facility by lowering the morale and lowering the teamwork and interaction. This is obviously causing harm and the principle of nonmaleficence is not coming into play when bullying has occ urred. Therefore, the health care administrator should adopt a code of conduct in order to follow guidelines and ensure that the staff members are clear what is bullying. Additionally, it is essential â€Å"to create and implement a process for managing disruptive and inappropriate behaviors† in the workplace (newworkplace.wordpress.com). This will ensure that every staff member is being treated fairly and the principle of justice is being followed. More commonly it has been seen that bosses are one of the main sources of bullying. Physicians oftentimes feel that they might know better or more than nurses and treat them unfairly which is going against the principle of nonmaleficence because they are directly causing harm instead of preventing harm. It was seen in one situation that a physician refused to allow his staff member to go to the bathroom which was insulting as well as inappropriate bullying. The â€Å"National Accrediting Agency† now requires of some hospitals to adopt a code of conduct which addresses issues of bullying. â€Å"Intimidating behavior† or bullying can cause staff members to become submissive because of the bullying has cause psychological harm to the individual and this oftentimes leads to medical errors and errors in patient care (workplacebullying.org). A health care administrator has the responsibility of being observant of what is going on in the working environment around him/her and to recognize any social isolation issues, belittling, and overload of work on one particular employee. Segregation and isolation oftentimes occurs due to bullying, however, sometimes it refers to cultural differences. It was seen that the staff members at a particular hospital were critical of the other Latino or Spanish-speaking employees and this caused a rift. There was obvious â€Å"prejudice† and â€Å"stereotyping† because the staff did not communicate with the Latino staff members as much, which caused language discrimination (gradworks.umi.com). This discrimination caused isolation of one particular group and it could and should have been spotted easily by the HCA whose responsibility it is to recognize instances of discrimination and isolation. This situation is also associated with racial discrimination which means that a grou p is isolated due to their ethnicity. It is thus the HCAs responsibility to prevent harm and act on the principle of nonmaleficence; he/she should also ensure that the ethical principle of justice is being practiced by the staff members and everyone is treated fairly and equally. By fixing the problem and causing the staff members to accept each other the health care administrator would be bringing about good which is acting on the ethical principle of beneficence. Racial discrimination is very common when it comes to the workplace. Many have felt that they were refused a promotion because their ethnicity or race. Nurses, specifically Caucasian nurses, felt isolated and discriminated by nurses of different ethnicities. The other nurses who spoke a non-English language seem to exclude Caucasian nurses which cause segregation and is something that should be prevented in the work place (diversityof.net). The impact of this isolation can cause low team effort and cause patient care to be poor. National surveys have shown that many physicians that are of a â€Å"racial/ethnic minority† often feel isolated and racially discriminated in the working environment. Racial discrimination among physicians in the workplace causes â€Å"lower rates of promotion and career satisfaction when compared with nonminority physician peers with similar productivity† (nmanet.org). Ultimately, this has caused a poor working environment and discrimination c auses harm to the staff members as well as the health care organization. In addition to preventing harm, a health care provider must also do good for the patients, which is the principle of beneficence. Beneficence refers to the obligation a HCA has to his/her patients in providing fair treatment that will benefit them, protecting patients autonomous rights and providing aid for anyone in need. It is also an obligation of a health care administrator to bring about good in the workplace and make sure it is a safe working environment for his staff. There should be an appreciation which comes with this principle and should be displayed to the staff members in order to encourage them to always do better and continue to have a high morale. An HCA should balance the benefits and potential harms by deciding the costs against benefits and deciding what would provide the greatest good. The principle of beneficence should always be reinforced in order for the staff members to apply this ethical principle daily. Staff should be treated with beneficence in order for them to treat patients using this same principle. It is the responsibility of the administrator to be encouraging and compassionate towards the staff and to prevent negative attitudes which can lower the morale and cause potential harm. Also, an administrator should always offer assistance whereas being too authoritative would make the staff uneasy. Undoubtedly, the administrator should work on the weaknesses of the staff members and build upon their strengths in order for each individual to use their strengths for the good of the health care organization. Furthermore, downsizing in the workplace which include laying-off employees can affect the employees that are laid off as well as the staff members who are left feeling guilty and cannot work as efficiently due to this guilt. An HCA should not be keeping silent in a time when laying off is occurring because it can lead to rumors spreading around the workplace and a situation can become worse than it really is. Also, it can cause employees to be stressed and upset, which inevitably causes harm. After the lay-off has occurred, there should be open forums and discussion in order to be aware of everyones feelings towards the issue. The work place should be safe and healthy as well as have a positive atmosphere in order for there to be no fear of judgment which will prevent harm from happening such as harassment, bullying, or discrimination. The ethical issues raised in the workplace can range from bullying, discrimination, to harassment. These issues in the workplace cause harm to the staff members due to lowered morale and poor working efficiency. Discrimination can isolate and segregate groups of people or one person due to ethnicity, which would be racial discrimination or by other factors involved. This inevitably causes harm and not everyone is being treated fairly, thus the principle of nonmaleficence and justice are not being applied. Beneficence should be used when creating an environment that is safe and positive for the staff members to feel comfortable enough to report bullying, discrimination or harassment. Nonmaleficence, justice and beneficence are interconnected and work together in many situations for good ethical decision making. The relationship between the employee and administrator and the staff members themselves should be positive if using these three principles.

The Resource Curse in Africa

The Resource Curse in Africa Chapter 1: Introduction The resource curse is the theory that countries with an abundance of natural resources, such as oil and minerals, achieve less economic growth than countries that are not endowed with natural resources. There are authors that argue this point (Auty 1990, Gelb 1988, Sachs and Warner 1995, 1997, 1999) and there are those that believe the resource curse is less to do with resources and more to do with political management (Brunschweiler 2008a, 2008b, Ross 1999, 2001). This theory appears to be contrary to the immediate instinct felt by many that natural resources will provide an opportunity for countries to develop by using increased revenues associated with a discovery of resources or an increase in world prices of such resources. The first section of this paper discusses a few of the most important mechanisms in which the resource curse can manifest itself. These are through institutions, corruption, conflict, Dutch disease and human capital. The second section studies the case of Botswana by providing an understanding of Botswanas economic and development path I will investigate how Botswana avoided some of the traps resource abundant countries usually fall into and how Botswana managed diamond mining in order to benefit the country. I will also perform a small comparison between Botswana and Sierra Leone to highlight the different channels in which resource abundance can affect economies. In my final chapter I will analyse whether Botswana has been successful in fully escaping the resource curse symptoms by discussing any problems the diamond mining may have caused. This paper, whilst small, highlights the importance of investigating phenomena such as the resource curse. Many countries have fallen into poverty since the emergence of extractable resources in their economies, yet Botswana has managed to avoid such problems. It is important to analyse how Botswana did this, so that lesson may be learned and used to help other countries avoid such problems in the future. The Resource Curse Literature Review Explanation of resource curse There are examples of resource poor countries outperforming resource rich countries throughout history. In recent times the Asian Tigers have achieved fast industrialization and economic growth despite having few natural resources, where as diamond rich countries such as Sierra Leone still remain low on world economic and social indicators (World Bank Development Indicators 2009). But do natural resources always lead to poor economic development? Or are there other variables in the context of which the natural resources are placed that determine economic development? There has been much discussion on the resource curse topic. Prominent among them are studies by Sachs and Warner (1995, 1997, 1999). Although in the conclusion to the paper Sachs et al admit their findings are far from definitive the general findings are that there is evidence for a negative relation between natural resource intensity and subsequent growth (Sachs and Warner 1995:p27). They analysed data from 95 developing countries by looking at annual growth rate between 1970-1990 and resource based exports in 1970. Sachs and Warner classified high abundance of natural resources as exports of agriculture, mineral and fuel as a percentage of GDP. From this simple analysis they discovered the existence of the so-called resource curse and they then tested the theory by controlling a number of other variables that could explain the relationship between resources and slow economic growth. The following discussion will provide a summary of the key mechanisms identified in the literature. Critique However it is important to note that not all academics support the literature on the existence of the resource curse, Brunnschweiler (2008a) is the most prominent. The main critiques of work by Sachs and Warner are the variables used to measure resource wealth. Brunschweiler for example believes per capita mineral wealth is more appropriate. The question is also raised as to whether Sachs and Warner were right to include agriculture in their regressions. Although agriculture is indeed a primary natural product, as it is the outcome of utilising the resource of land, it can be said that agriculture takes a different path in the economy than minerals or fuel. It may be better to classify agriculture separately when considering the resource curse, especially in the context of the third world where many economies are agricultural based. Further in this paper I will analyse whether agricultural resources cause the same effects on the economy as mineral resources. Arguments against the Resource Curse Big push theory Whilst there is no denial that the resource curse has effected countries like Venezuela, Nigeria and the Congo (Wenar 2008) there have been cases such as Botswana and Norway that have given strength to the opposing big push theory. In the big push model, developing economies are stuck in a trap. In order to develop their economies they need to industrialize so they are able to create wealth of their own. However there are large fixed costs associated with industrialization that developing economies cannot afford. Thus, the name big push comes from the idea that developing economies require a large injection of capital in order to develop. This injection of capital can be used to invest in economic infrastructure and will allow a more rapid accumulation of human capital which further allows social and economic development. (Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny 1989, Birdsall et al 2000) Ironically, this injection of capital could arise from large resource revenues, which suggests that the resource curse may be avoided if the capital is handled in a productive manner, for example a long-term and sustainable plan. An important point made by Walker and Jourdan (2003) is that as access to resources and minerals is becoming easier due to decreased transportation costs, countries are able to sustain industry without having a large natural resource base. This is could mean that countries who are not resource abundant might be better off, as they experience less adverse side-effects that I will discuss in this paper than resource rich economies. Dutch Disease The first effect, cited by Sachs (1995) and many others (Norberg 1993, Gelb 1988) is the Dutch Disease. Although it is often linked to the discovery of a natural resource, Dutch disease can occur when there is any positive income shock. For example a significant rise in primary product world prices can create sudden increased revenues for primary product exporters. The earliest Dutch Disease model I can trace was first created by Corden (1984) and the model has been constantly remodelled and analysed by other academics since. There are two strands of the Dutch disease model, the resource movement effect and the currency appreciation effect. Currency Appreciation Effect Dutch disease is often known as de-industrialisation because as one sector of the economy booms, (in the case of this paper we are talking about the tradable natural resource sector) other tradable sectors of the economy become less competitive. This is because a sudden increase in exportation of a natural resource of any kind can cause currency appreciation (Dutch disease). Whilst this is good for the country as it makes imports cheaper, it makes all the exports from the country (apart from the natural resource) less competitive in the world market as it costs other countries more money to from that particular country. The same path is also true for investment in this sector. This is why the manufacturing sector of resource abundant countries often shrinks. Resource Movement Effect The resource movement effect is the relocation of production factors away from the manufacturing sectors towards to booming (natural resource) sector. Davis and Tilton (2005:238) believe the Dutch disease actually allows a country to benefit from its new found mineral wealth by encouraging resources to flow from other sectors of the economy to the booming sector: However, this resource movement is also a cause of the shrinking of the manufacturing sector noted above. An important point argued in Sachs and Warner (1997) is that the shrinkage of a manufacturing sector itself is not a problem. The problem arises when the shrinkage causes slow economic growth, such a case may occur when an economy becomes more dependent on their natural resources. The advisability of this is not good (Jefferis 1998) as the economy becomes more vulnerable to world price changes in the natural resource. In turn, these often volatile price changes make it hard for governments to make mid or long term economic plans and policies. This is often said to be what happened in the oil rich Middle East in the 1970s (Auty 1990) governments were over optimistic about the earning power of their resources and then the oil prices fell dramatically. However the shrinkage of the manufacturing sector can have a negative impact on the economy because productivity grows faster in the manufacturing sector than in the resource sector (REF) and a decline in this sector means the economy is losing out on this productivity. A similar argument is made by Gylfason (2001) about learning-by-doing and technological advances. The shrinking of a tradable manufacturing sector also creates job losses; usually this could be compensated for as the primary product resource sector expands. But most minerals and oil sectors are capital intensive and not labour intensive (Sarraf 2001), so they are not able to absorb the unemployment. Institutions Another strand of the resource curse theory is the analysis of the relationship between resource abundance and institutions. Defining institutions is a difficult job as it can involve many different aspects of a countries history, culture and government. The main reason why institution analysis is vital to discovering the relationship between resource abundance and economic growth is that institutions affect policy structure and policy structure sets the arena in which an economy and resources are managed. Colonisation Firstly, the history of a nation can go a long way to explaining the current situation a nation faces today. Acemoglu et al (2001) notes the importance of colonisation is the determination of institutions. In his view there are two types of colonisation. There is settlement colonisation whereby the colonisers decided to settle in the region, perhaps due to a low incidence of deadly infectious diseases, as occurred by the British in North America. The settlement colonies are mostly made up of the new world, such as North America and Australasia. The second type of colony are extractive colonies, whereby the colonisers extracted resources that they found valuable, be it people as slaves or minerals. Naturally, these two different paths have caused quite different outcomes in institutions. Intuitive thinking would lead us to believe that traits of a colonisers such as property rights and rules of law would be embedded in there colonies. Indeed, Murshed (2001) and Acemoglu et al (2001) publish papers along the same lines. This theory leads to the thinking that colonies with exploitative colonisers tended to not establish foreign good institutions to the same strength as settled areas. It could be argued, as by Murshed, that patterns of exploitative behaviour with regard to resources were learned and inevitably repeated by colonies. On the other hand, settled colonies tended to retain institutions of law and property rights that European colonisers may have brought over. Acemoglu has raised the point that different colonising nations have left very different institutions behind. For example, he argues that the British colonies inherited better institutions with regard to respect for the rule of law and democracy (Acemoglu et al 2001:p12). In either case it is evident that institutions brought in from Europe have remained in some form. However, we must not forget that the colonies of Africa, Asia and Latin America existed long before they were discovered by the Europeans. Prior to colonisation these countries had their own functioning political and social institutions and it could be that European invaders only adapted these institutions to fit their needs and left many existing ways intact. A small but important point to note is that colonisation could also have had an impact on the ethno linguistic and ethno fractionalisation of a country because artificial country borders were placed upon areas of land with no regards to considering the existing, and it could be argued natural, borders. These artificial borders were emplaced for the ease of the colonisers and very little consideration was given to existing social borders, for example between tribes or geographical boundaries. This enforced ethno fractionalisation can be the cause of conflict within a country, even if natural resources are not in the equation, a prime example of this is in Rwanda. Leite and Weidmann (2002) are of the opinion that resource wealth does not directly affect economic growth, but that it resources affect the likelihood of corruption, which therefore influences economic growth. Bulte, Damania and Deacon (2005) further this argument by pointing out it may not be the existence of institutions that matter but the quality. In Bulte et al (2005) analysis they differentiate between two types of resources. Point resources which are geographically based and therefore an abundance of these resources are typically associated with inequality in terms of power and the division of the surplus, and often are accompanied by vertical relationships between agents (shareholders, managers, labourers). (Bulte et al 2005:p1031). Whereas diffuse resources, such as agricultural land, are more geographically spread and are therefore more equally distributed and less able to be protected by an elite. It is the belief of Bulte et al (p1034) that point resources attract worse quality institutions than diffuse resources with regard to corruption and government performance. Corruption An abundance of natural resources provides substantial revenue for an economy but unfortunately in many developing countries where there are weak infrastructures and poor people, the temptation of this revenue can cause corruption especially in the political sphere. When a government experiences large flows of finance, especially if these flows are relatively sudden, for example a discovery of minerals or oil, or new technology that helps extract resources, it can be hard for a government to manage such flows (Dietz 2005). They may not have had experience in dealing with large sums of money. These sudden windfalls increase the opportunity for corruption as it is hard to keep track of the money and therefore it is easier and to steal and waste. Corruption also comes in the form of laziness. The political elite may chose to ensure they remain in power by buying political favour using the resource revenues. This undermines democracy, but as politicians are able to obtain large sums of money from resources it is easier to buy political favour than to develop good policies and there is little incentive to build infrastructure in other areas of the economy, as resources are the main source of income. One would assume that if areas of the economy were to start failing or not being developed and maintained to a satisfactory standard of the citizens then the citizens would demand action from the government. However, in circumstances where an abundance of resources are in the country, the government often tries to buy favour from the people by not taxing the citizens, instead they use the resource revenues to provide basic infrastructure, such circumstances could be classed as the rentier effect cited by Mehlum (2006) and Brunschweiler (2008a). On the other hand, the government could decide to use the resource revenues to aid them in an effort to block the formation of social groups. The government might try to do this because they fear groups independent of the government may demand more from a government that is unwilling to give more. As Ross (2001: p335) argues Scholars examining the cases of Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, and Iran have all observed oil-rich states blocking the formation of independent social groups; all argue that the state is thereby blocking a necessary precondition of democracy. This is one of the many ways resources appear to affect politics. Whilst the basics are still provided and the people have more money in their hands, the situation can cause problems as the government is not longer held accountable as it is not using the peoples money. Therefore the relationship between government and citizens breaks down. This leads to a less democratic society and one that Karl (1997) believes would be one more vulnerable to civil war. Conflict As previously discussed weak institutions and corruption can both lead to conditions that breed conflict as they diminish the governments ability to function properly. Although a lot of studies are unable to show a strong link between resource extraction and civil conflict (Ross 2004), in recent history there have been many examples of the internal conflict within countries that are abundant in diamonds, such examples are Sierra Leone and Angola. Collier and Hoeffler (2001) cite that war emerges as either a product of grievance or greed. In the case of natural resources it appears that greed is most likely due to the enormity of the revenues compared to other forms of government revenue. The conflict often takes the form of civil war within a country as fractions of society jockey for control over the resource wealth (although the conflict can also take the form of hidden conflict within governments). Collier (2004) suggests that high social and economic inequality, lack of political rights and religious or ethnic divisions in society cause civil wars. The presence of natural resources can act as a catalyst by highlighting these faults and at the same time creating a financial incentive for war. If conflict does occur then (Brunschweiler 2008b) believes it could be the case the conflict makes countries dependent on resource extraction which is the default response when other economic sectors are not performing well. This indicates that once a country enters into conflict due to resources, they may have entered a vicious cycle that will be hard to stop. Fractionalisation within resource abundance societies has been greatly studied (Easterly and Levine 1997, Brunschweiler and Erwin 2009) as it is believed that societies that are fractioned by class struggles, ethnicity or religion have weaker institutions (Hoedler 2006). In turn weaker institutions lead to a diminished ability of the government to control situations and therefore fighting is more likely to erupt (Arezki et al 2007). Whilst the fragmentation in society is the basis for the fighting, the presence of resources can be seen as the trigger or catalyst for conflict. Fighting is bad for economic growth as it decreases productive activities, which lowers productions and lowers incomes (Hoedler 2006). Therefore in general the consensus is that the more homogeneous the society, the less likely the risk of conflict. Having high revenues from resources can also lead to rentier state symptoms as discussed previously. In this case it may be that those in control of resource revenues are constantly on the lookout for opposing groups trying wrest control from them. Unfortunately as they are the ones controlling the revenues, they have money to repress citizens by not only repressing social groups but by employing armed conflict if they require. This is why (Brunschweiler 2008b) believes that as governments are able to fund themselves they are more likely to be authoritarian. Although Rosss (2001) paper primarily discusses the Middle Eastern oil states, he admits that his findings can relate to other mineral economies outside the Middle East. This repression can also distort the economy by squashing entrepreneurial talent (Alayli 2005) However there are some scholars who believe that resource abundance can actually help avoid conflict, for example, Brunnschweiler and Bulte (2008b) say resource wealth raises income, and higher incomes, in turn, reduce the risk of conflict. However, they admit it is a small reduction in risk and it could be that the large prize (resource revenue) that people are able to fight over is a stronger incentive than higher incomes. The link between ethnic fragmentation and the resource curse has been investigated in a paper by Roland Hodler (2006). The aim of his paper is to explain why resources can be a blessing for some countries and a curse for other. For him, there are two effects of natural resources. Firstly, income of a country rises if the country chooses to use the resource for its own industrial benefit or exports them to other countries; this is a direct positive effect. Secondly, an indirect negative effect is natural resource wealth increases conflict, but only (according to Hodler) if there are multiple groups opposing each other. Hodler focuses on rivalling ethnic groups, but other groups that could affect the equilibrium are class groups and political groups. In Hodlers model the resource abundance is a blessing to a country if the direct positive effect is greater than the indirect negative effect, but a curse if the negative outweighs the positive and thus a relatively homogenous society is l ess likely to experience a resource curse as there are less opposing groups challenging the equilibrium. Linked with this argument is that of Bannon and Collier (2003:3) that ethnic dominance alongside resource richness breeds conflict. Ethnic dominance especially in government or institutions has an important advantage because that race then have the power in moderating and equalising ethnic relations, or neglecting and perhaps exacerbating them (Good 2005:p31) The magnitude of the negative effect in Hodlers paper is determined by the number of opposing groups. The higher the number of groups the weaker property rights. I take my definition of property rights from Acemoglu et al (2001) whereby people have secure property rights (rights against expropriation and that those with productive opportunities expect to receive returns on their investment and that a broad cross-section of society have the opportunity to invest. Furthermore Acemoglu et al (2001) make the point that relative political stability is needed in order to maintain these property rights. Human Capital As we can see that the resource curse is interlinked with many aspects of economics. It is also linked with human capital: education and health. Education is important in economic development as it raises labour efficiency, provides a more participative society and a better quality of life (Barro 1997), but is educational development being affected by the resource curse? Evidence by Gylfason (et al 2001: p850) shows that school enrolment at all levels tends to be inversely related to natural resource abundance, as measured by the share of the labour force engaged in primary production, across countries. Questions could be raised about the validity behind using such measures and whether other measures are more appropriate but there is plenty of evidence from other authors such as (Birdsall et al 1997) which come to the same conclusion. There are two prominent arguments about the effect the resource curse has on education and vice versa. Firstly, the vast revenues created by an abundant resource can be used by forward thinking governments to fund education (Sachs and Warner 1997). On the other hand, it has been argued by Gylfason that some resource dependent economies choose not to invest in education infrastructure as they see little immediate need for it because high skill labour and high quality capital are less common in primary production then elsewhere (Gylfason 2001: p10). However focusing on resources (and neglecting education) hinders the learning-by-doing process. This process is more likely to develop, along with gains in technological advances, in the manufacturing sector (Sachs and Warner 1995). Thereby depending on resources and neglecting education can slow economic growth as a whole as there is no incentive to increase the earning power (both at individual and national level) that can be achieved thr ough education. It is also worthy to note that education is strongly linked with a higher rate of absorbing new technologies from other countries (Birdsall 1997). The Case of Botswana Although in the previous section I discussed ways in which an abundance of natural resources could lead to slow economic growth, there have been countries that are resource rich and have had good economic development: for example Norway and Botswana. Norway became one of the top scoring countries on both economic and social indicators in the world (Larson 2003) since the extraction of oil in the early 1970s. Graphs showing growth of Botswana compared to other African nations here In this section I aim to discuss the experience of Botswana through the same key mechanisms I used in the previous chapter. These mechanisms are Dutch disease, institutions, conflict and human capital. By using the same key mechanisms I hope to show how Botswana has avoided the problems that cause the resource curse. Botswana has developed relatively rapidly considering that Botswana was the third poorest country in the world before independence (Beaulier 2003:p233) As Acemoglu et al (2001) points out there were only 22 graduate Batswana, who studied outside the country and only 12km of paved road. It seems that Botswana was in the same position as the majority of Sub-Saharan Africa. But since the average growth in Africa has been negative since 1965 (Acemoglu et al 2001) how has Botswana managed to achieve the highest rate of per capita growth of any country in the world in the last 35 years (Acemoglu et al 2001)? Especially considering that as a resource rich country it could be expected that Botswana would have slower growth than those without resources. Dutch Disease There are contradicting views as to whether Botswana experienced Dutch disease and whether this was due to the presence of diamonds. Mogotsi (2002:129) thinks that a mild Dutch disease occurred in Botswana as there was no large pre-existing manufacturing sector, so when mining occurred, the skilled labour from the small manufacturing sector moved to mining. Less skilled agricultural workers filled the place of the old manufacturing workers. As they are less skilled there is some loss of productivity and efficiency in the manufacturing sector. However Pegg (2009:p2) believes that there is little evidence that agriculture or manufacturing in Botswana has suffered from Dutch disease effects like the Dutch Disease model predicts when there is a large tradable mining sector. This is because there is very little resource movement as the diamond industry in Botswana as diamond mining is capital intensive and site specific (Jefferis 1998). This lack of movement means that few positive externalities are present in Botswanas mining industry. This is evident in the employment rates. Whilst Botswana has many good economic and social indicators, unfortunately a high unemployment rate is not one of them. While mining production contributed 40% to GDP, it absorbed only 4% total employment (Iimi 2006a:p7). This has large implications for income distribution and inequality in Botswana. As wages are higher in the diamond industry (REF) it distorts wealth in the economy. It has been said that only around half of the population have benefitted from the increased revenues, outside of gains in education, healthcare and infrastructure. This is reflected in around 50% of the population still living below the poverty line despite GDP per capita being around $1000 as there is a small workforce for diamonds and a high unemployment rate in general. (http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp5.htm) However, in the resource curse theorem if Dutch disease were to occur then imports would be cheaper. As Botswana is 80% Kalahari Desert (Beaulier 2003) agriculture is not a major industry and as such Botswana imports most of its needs. 75% of imports come from neighbouring South Africa (Iimi 2006b:p18) there are very little visible effects of the negative sides of Dutch disease. Currency appreciation is the most obvious side-effect of resource related Dutch disease. But large diamond revenues have not caused Botswanas currency, the Pula, to be consistently overvalued. (Pegg 2009:p4) Although Botswana faces a difficult situation with regards to exchange rates. Botswana must managed the exchange rates carefully as it imports 75% of its goods from South Africa (REF) but Botswanas exports are valued in US dollars. Therefore Botswana must try to keep the Pula stable against both the South African rand and US dollar at the same time to avoid increased prices of food or decreased earnings due to falling dollar prices. So far Botswana has managed this well. Botswana has also been forward thinking by accumulating large foreign exchange reserves (Jefferis 1998) which are important and useful to have because it gives them the ability to manipulate exchange rates to aid the domestic currency should it need it. The government also created the Public Debt Service Fund (PDSF) in 1972. It recognises that the diamond revenues may be beyond the governments absorptive capacity and so the PDSF allows the government to save money rather than overheat the economy by spending it. (Pegg 2009:p3).The Revenue Stabilization Fund (RSF) is especially useful in times of economic downturn like the current financial crisis, as they government are able to finance normal spending by using the savings rather than borrowing. Of course, although good governance has caused what is seen to be a success with regards to revenue management (Samatar 1999; Leith 2005), it has also been said (Pegg 2009:p2) that stability of rent streams also helped Botswana control the massive flows and not fall into resource related Dutch disease. This has also led Botswana to move upper middle income status in the World Bank classification. This is impressive as before independence Botswana was classified as a low income country. (World Bank Income Classification). Institutions Several authors have put forward the argument that inclusive pre-colonial institutions are responsible for Botswanas economic development as institutions are a reason why food policies are chosen and also enable good policy choices to stick. Beaulier 2003) Before colonisation it seems that Botswana society was generally inclusive. An important institution of traditional Botswana society is the role of kgotlas which are an assembly of adult males in which issues of public interest were discussed (Acemoglu et al 2001) Botswana society allowed open dissent of the King and chiefs in kgotlas which provided a fair and accountable society. A further point argued by Acemoglu et al (2001) and also by Englebert (2000) and Iimi (2006a) is that the relatively unintrusive nature of British colonialism left a lot of traditional and functional institutions intact. During the scramble for Africa in the 1800s Britain agreed to granted Botswana protectorate status requested by Batswana chiefs in 1885 (Beaulier 2003). The chiefs wanted protection from the South African Boers who were moving towards Botswana. However, Britain apart from protecting fr

Kantian Morality Essay -- essays research papers

Kantian Morality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kant's theory of morality seems to function as the most feasible in determining one's duty in a moral situation. The basis for his theory is perhaps the most noble of any-- acting morally because doing so is morally right. His ideas, no matter how occasionally vague or overly rigid, work easily and efficiently in most situations. Some exceptions do exist, but the strength of those exceptions may be somewhat diminished by looking at the way the actual situations are presented and the way in which they are handled. But despite these exceptions, the process Kant describes of converting maxims to universal laws to test their moral permissibility serves, in general, as a useful guide to and system of ethics and morality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Kantian Theory of Ethics hinges upon the concept of the Categorical Imperative, or the process of universalization. Kant describes taking a possible action, a maxim, and testing whether it is morally permissible for a person to act in that manner by seeing if it would be morally permissible for all people in all times to act in that same manner. Thus, Kant says that an action is morally permissible in one instance if the action is universally permissible in all instances. In fact, parts of the theory even say that it is one's moral duty to act on these universalizable maxims, and that people should only act on those maxims that can be universalized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The stability of Kant's theory rests not only on the fact that it is completely objective-- every action is definitely either morally permissible or not-- but also on the fact that the theory is non-consequentialist. Kant truly does not look to the consequences of an action to see whether the action is morally permissible, but rather to the morality of the action itself. Kant assumes that universal morality is inherent in being, thus avoiding complications in trying to determine which actions lead to better consequences. However, Kant does not speak of perfect and imperfect moral duties, those duties that respectively do or do not involve qualifications as to the particulars of the situation at hand, thus complicating the issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several objections can be raised to the theory Kant sets forth, but each ... ...be universally applied, acting on those maxims would not be permissible. An example would be allowing anyone with a star shaped birthmark on their back to steal. Universalizing this seems to be possible, at least at first glance. However, universalization implies that a maxim be applicable throughout time. No matter how unlikely, perhaps the future will contain nothing other than birthmarked clones. In that case, the maxim cannot be universalized. And again, the conditions presented do not affect the morality of the situation, but rather to whom the morality is applied, thus contradicting the idea of an objective, universal morality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main issue with these objections seems to be that Kant's theory breaks down to some extent in certain situations. However, it becomes possible that by further analyzing the situation at hand, certain allowances can be made. Perhaps then the most convincing argument for the theory is that on a day-to-day basis. Kantian Ethics provides a method for deciding the best and most moral course of action. Perhaps this is the purpose of moral theory in the first place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kantian Morality Essay -- essays research papers Kantian Morality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kant's theory of morality seems to function as the most feasible in determining one's duty in a moral situation. The basis for his theory is perhaps the most noble of any-- acting morally because doing so is morally right. His ideas, no matter how occasionally vague or overly rigid, work easily and efficiently in most situations. Some exceptions do exist, but the strength of those exceptions may be somewhat diminished by looking at the way the actual situations are presented and the way in which they are handled. But despite these exceptions, the process Kant describes of converting maxims to universal laws to test their moral permissibility serves, in general, as a useful guide to and system of ethics and morality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Kantian Theory of Ethics hinges upon the concept of the Categorical Imperative, or the process of universalization. Kant describes taking a possible action, a maxim, and testing whether it is morally permissible for a person to act in that manner by seeing if it would be morally permissible for all people in all times to act in that same manner. Thus, Kant says that an action is morally permissible in one instance if the action is universally permissible in all instances. In fact, parts of the theory even say that it is one's moral duty to act on these universalizable maxims, and that people should only act on those maxims that can be universalized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The stability of Kant's theory rests not only on the fact that it is completely objective-- every action is definitely either morally permissible or not-- but also on the fact that the theory is non-consequentialist. Kant truly does not look to the consequences of an action to see whether the action is morally permissible, but rather to the morality of the action itself. Kant assumes that universal morality is inherent in being, thus avoiding complications in trying to determine which actions lead to better consequences. However, Kant does not speak of perfect and imperfect moral duties, those duties that respectively do or do not involve qualifications as to the particulars of the situation at hand, thus complicating the issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several objections can be raised to the theory Kant sets forth, but each ... ...be universally applied, acting on those maxims would not be permissible. An example would be allowing anyone with a star shaped birthmark on their back to steal. Universalizing this seems to be possible, at least at first glance. However, universalization implies that a maxim be applicable throughout time. No matter how unlikely, perhaps the future will contain nothing other than birthmarked clones. In that case, the maxim cannot be universalized. And again, the conditions presented do not affect the morality of the situation, but rather to whom the morality is applied, thus contradicting the idea of an objective, universal morality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main issue with these objections seems to be that Kant's theory breaks down to some extent in certain situations. However, it becomes possible that by further analyzing the situation at hand, certain allowances can be made. Perhaps then the most convincing argument for the theory is that on a day-to-day basis. Kantian Ethics provides a method for deciding the best and most moral course of action. Perhaps this is the purpose of moral theory in the first place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Padre Pio :: essays research papers

Born in 1887, Padre Pio is not yet canonized. Francesco, named in honor of St. Francis of Assisi, was one of eight children of Grazio and Maria Forgione. Francesco was very devout even as a child, and at an early age felt drawn to the priesthood. He became a Capuchin novice at the age of sixteen and received the â€Å"habit† in 1902. Francesco was ordained to the priesthood in 1910 after seven years of study and became known as Padre Pio. On September 20, 1918, Padre Pio was kneeling in front of a large crucifix when he received the visible marks of the crucifixion. The doctor who examined Padre Pio could not find any natural cause for the wounds. Padre Pio describes what happened in a letter that he wrote to his spiritual advisor, Padre Benedetto. â€Å"On the mourning of the 20th of last month, in the choir, after I celebrated Mass, I yielded to a drowsiness similar to sweet sleep. All the internal and external senses and even the very faculties of my soul were immersed in indescribable stillness. Absolute silence surrounded and invaded me. I was suddenly filled with great peace and abandonment witch effected everything else and caused a lull of turmoil. All this happened in a flash. While this was taking place, I saw before me a mysterious person similar to the one I had seen on the evening of August the 5th. The only difference was that his hands and feet and side were dripping blood. The sight terrified me and what I felt at that moment is indescribable. I thought I should have died if the Lord had not intervened and strengthened my heart which was about to burst out of my chest. The vision disappeared and I became aware that my hands, feet and side were dripping blood.† He then goes on about the pain he experienced for the next week. These wounds never healed or festered and were still bleeding at the time of his death in 1968, fifty years later. The wounds of the stigmata were not the only mystical phenomenon experienced by Padre Pio. The blood from the stigmata had an odor described by many as similar to that of perfume or flowers. Padre Pio had the ability to read the hearts of the penitents who flocked to him for confession which he heard for ten or twelve hours per day.

Ethics and Morality Essay

â€Å"In philosophy we have a problem knowing the origin of right and wrong, there are various theories and ideas but we do not seem to have a definite answer to this question. † By Jamee Ford In life people are brought up in different homes, surrounded by different people and are taught different ways of life. As we grow up we are taught the difference between what is considered right and what is considered wrong, which is based on what is socially acceptable. We learn from a young age how we are expected to behave, the rules we have to abide by given from family and the morals we should have and grow up with. In this society it is difficult to find the origin of right and wrong for there are so many theories and ideas, but yet there is no definite answer. I believe morality comes from us citizens, the law, our feelings and our religion can give a certain indication to how we set our values, but I belive it is an objective fact that what is said to be wrong is wrong and what is said to be right is right. A minority of people believe that morality comes from God. These people have a lot of faith and get their morals and understanding of right and wrong from their belief in god and their bible. For example in the Bible, there are the 10 Commandments, a list of what is acceptable and unacceptable according to God. But what if we don’t believe in god, where would our sense of right and wrong come from? If we can’t change people’s options and feelings on what is right and wrong just by saying that it is acceptable or unacceptable, then why is it okay to say God can. Without god, would their still be morality? Because if god made it acceptable to kill other people, that still wouldn’t make it okay, so I believe this theory is unproven and morality and our right and wrongs can’t come from this theory. Another theory that has brought to the attention of the origin of right and wrong is The ‘Feeling Theory’ and the ‘Boo-hoorah’ theory. The feeling theory is an example of how morality does come from us. We make things right or wrong by approving or disproving of them. If a person has certain feelings about another person’s actions, it is saying something about them. If they disprove of an action, it is considered morally wrong to that person. This theory is people making a claim about what they think; they are claiming whether the action is right or wrong. The ‘Boo-Hoorah Theory’ is another example of how morality comes from us but involves expressing what we think is right or wrong rather than making a claim about it. Something is neither true nor false and according to this theory there is no fact of the matter just an expression of what the person observing thinks. The feeling theory and the boo-hoorah theory are both wrong for everyone is different and raised differently with different beliefs (everyone has different feelings). So technically one person can truly believe that it is okay to kill while another says it’s not okay, these two people are contradicting one another which rules out both theories. Some children are brought up in an abusive home environment; does this mean that morally they think its okay to treat people differently based on how they were raised? All people are raised in a different environment, under different circumstances so if morality comes from us then morality would have to include a whole lot of different views. Another important theory is that morality and our right and wrongs come from the law. Morality and the law often correspond, our morals are what we consider right and wrong, While the law is what has been decided as right and wrong for us. Both murder and stealing are things we consider morally wrong and are also against the law. In the perfect world we all want the law to coincide with morality, but in reality most likely will never be like that. For example drugs are illegal and the law will not accept any sort of behaviour involving drugs, but in some cases people justify that is morally acceptable to deal drugs use it for personal use because of financial situations and pleasure. So they morally justify it in their own head for it to be okay. Even though morality can be guided by the law, helping us understand the differences between right and wrong, morality can’t come from the law, for there are a lot of things the law accept but us civilians see it as wrong. As we can see morality cannot come from the above theories, for they all leave the question of the origin of right and wrong UN answered. I believe that morality comes from us and that things are right and wrong anyway. I believe G. E Moores theory of the extra fact (the six sense) that can detect wrongness. I truly believe this for it is true that there is that something inside of us, guiding us and helping us know what is right and wrong. We don’t necessarily have to be taught about all the wrongs in life to just get that gut feeling that mugging an elderly person is just wrong, why do we feel that? Why don’t we do it? It is because it is something that is just there. Also everyone in the world is different, we all come from different backgrounds and everyone has been brought up differently, in different environments. So therefore we all have different feelings and beliefs, for someone can truly believe that stealing is acceptable, when another thinks it is wrong. Morality is based on how you feel and how you treat people, expecting the same in return; you wouldn’t want someone to hurt you, so why would you want to hurt them. There are no proven facts to where right and wrong comes from but it is something that is just there. It changes over time, and things that were once believed as right are now seen as wrong. So therefore we cannot place judgements for we don’t know what morality and right and wrong will be seen as in ten years time, it’s based you as a person.

Gun Violence

There be umteen a(prenominal) sympathetic of force off in the world, and the most greenness and deadly is gasolene- link up violence. Not surprisingly, electric ray violence is one of the major public concerns in the Ameri locoweed overbold set. Interestingly, ordnance violence is as well most common in urban aras and it is in close conjunction with young human actionivity and gang violence. There are many convulsive crime r triumphal to accelerator pedals and the presence of subs oft would trigger many violent crimes. Since 1865, President Abraham Lincoln, President throng Garfield, President William McKinley, and President John F. Kennedy were assassinated, and the torpedo violence for Ameri bathrooms has become quite common. Moreoer, uplifted profile torpedo violence incidents, such as the assassinations of Robert F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, and much recently, the Columbine towering School massacre, the Beltway sniper attacks, and the Virginia Tech ma ssacre obligate also fueled debate over zep policies. According to the report, prevalence of homicide and violent crime is greatest in urban areas of the unify States.In metropolitan areas, the homicide site in 2005 was 6. 1 per 100,000 compared with 3. in non-metropolitan counties (fbi. gov). In America, cities with states greater than 250,000, the mean homicide judge was 12. 1 per 100,000 (fbi. gov), and the accounts of bomber-related homicides are greater in s tabuhern and western states. In America, to jump a gun is somewhat easy. It is not expensive and there are many art objects available. According to the report, among juveniles, the minor under the term of 16, 17, or 18, serving in correctional facilities, 86% owned a gun at some time, and 66% acquiring their first gun by mount up 14 (fbi. ov).Juveniles most often charter guns from family, friends, drug dealers, and street contacts. In inside(a) city, callowness cite self-cherishion from enemies as the top rea son for carrying a gun. Moreover, the discernment of youthfulness is immature, and they usually be intense and easily given to passions or act on impulse and without due consideration. This is shown in statistics that most violent crimes related to guns were act by the youths. Even though gun itself is neutral, we cannot deny the potential danger elated with guns. zeps are meant to comfort the people, but it often single-valued functiond as a beak to commit violent crimes. Therefore, establishing the laws and the limitations to pr until nowtion the youth to touch guns is important. Also, families and schools should educate and guide our youths much(prenominal) carefully. Dont let our society become more and more austere and give our offspring a honest living space by promoting stricter firearm have gots and zero tolerance on youth gun possession. gasoline ViolenceGun Violence Gun violence, in the unify States especially, is a growing concern and passing debated topic when the discussion of gun swan is brought up. Here are several facts that I found to be troubling, and steady disturbing. * The bonnie of guns deaths in the annual is less than 50 in japan compared to more than 10,000 in the coupled States. (http//www. heedinggodscall. org/ sum/pfctoolkit-10) The number of gun related deaths in the united States dwarfs that of japan annually, perhaps a sign of the enkindle amount of gang violence in the U.S. * The per capita gun death rate in Louisiana is the highest annually in the get together States at 19. 04%. The lowest per capita death rate is help in Rhode Island, Massach exampletts and hello at a mere 2. 02%. (http//www. heedinggodscall. org/ means/pfctoolkit-10) Per 100,000 people, almost twenty percent of the commonwealth would die in a gun related homicide. That number seems incredibly high. * aliveness U. S. edical costs for gunshot injuries are an estimated $2. 3 billion, with U. S. taxpayers paying $1. 1 billion, almost one- half(a) of the total. (http//www. heedinggodscall. org/content/pfctoolkit-10) In an effort to dungeon that number down, it might be brilliant to put a little more funding into law enforcement to exert guns out of criminals hands in the first place. * Guns in a dwelling house triple the risk of a family segment being killed by a gun. (http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. ov/pubmed/8371731) I dont know how I feel about this statistic as the use of a firearm for protection can save a life even though this stat says that the gun in the domicile makes it immediately more dangerous. * A 1993 mull over gathered that 2. 45 million crimes are thwarted by guns in the unify States every year. (LaPierre, Wayne (1994). Guns, Crime, and Freedom. Regnery Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 0-89526-477-3. ) This is the other side of gun possession seen as a positive. With guns as a protection, regular citizens can protect themselves from potential danger.Gun ViolenceGun Violence Gun violence, in the United Stat es especially, is a growing concern and extremely debated topic when the discussion of gun control is brought up. Here are several facts that I found to be troubling, and even disturbing. * The clean of guns deaths in the annual is less than 50 in Japan compared to more than 10,000 in the United States. (http//www. heedinggodscall. org/content/pfctoolkit-10) The number of gun related deaths in the United States dwarfs that of Japan annually, perhaps a sign of the overpower amount of gang violence in the U.S. * The per capita gun death rate in Louisiana is the highest annually in the United States at 19. 04%. The lowest per capita death rate is help in Rhode Island, Massachusetts and hello at a mere 2. 02%. (http//www. heedinggodscall. org/content/pfctoolkit-10) Per 100,000 people, almost twenty percent of the population would die in a gun related homicide. That number seems incredibly high. * life story U. S. edical costs for gunshot injuries are an estimated $2. 3 billion, wit h U. S. taxpayers paying $1. 1 billion, almost half of the total. (http//www. heedinggodscall. org/content/pfctoolkit-10) In an effort to keep that number down, it might be smart to put a little more funding into law enforcement to keep guns out of criminals hands in the first place. * Guns in a home triple the risk of a family instalment being killed by a gun. (http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. ov/pubmed/8371731) I dont know how I feel about this statistic as the use of a firearm for protection can save a life even though this stat says that the gun in the home makes it immediately more dangerous. * A 1993 canvas gathered that 2. 45 million crimes are thwarted by guns in the United States every year. (LaPierre, Wayne (1994). Guns, Crime, and Freedom. Regnery Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 0-89526-477-3. ) This is the other side of gun possession seen as a positive. With guns as a protection, regular citizens can protect themselves from potential danger.

How to Make Your Own Etag Burger

How to make your very give birth e note burger Etag, a way of preserving nucleus is single of the most loved proteins of the Igorots. Some secern it looks equivalent tapa (smoked play). Others would comp ar it to Ilocoss bagnet (their own version of chicharon). Contrary to its spirit counterparts, etag smells brackish. It has a strong burnt moss aroma with a pinch of pungent comic smell. And has a potent salty and smoky flavor. Innasin, the other term for etag is derived from the Bontoc/Igorot term inassinan or salted in English. This describes fondness much(prenominal) as pork, chicken and beef that are generously treated with salt.Actually, etag is smoked ham but rather than the normal saucy flavor it is salty, very salty. Etag has been a limited normal in cultural gatherings of the Igorots such as weddings and clan reunions. To some who taket know what it is, what exactly is etag? Etag is same(p) daing na bangus. Just equal its tilt equivalent, etag commonly mad e out of pigs nubble is salted munificently and is hanged to undergo a curing process. Then, it is smoked for a minimum of thirty minutes and a maximum of three hours per day, for cardinal weeks. T here(predicate) are different variations in cooking etag.People of Bontoc, Mountain Province like it sun-baked while locals of Sagada pauperization it smoked. A destiny of culinary innovations scram been through with(p) with the meat. Go Grab Grubs blog had presented 5 ways on preparing etag. parenthesis from the impostal b inuncted etag, the beloved meat can also be cooked as tinola, stir-fry, vegetable soup, an lenditional ingredient for fry rice and etag salad. In Inglays eatery at Km. 6, La Trinidad they have unified etag with burgers and lumpia. Burgers, who would not love them? Make etag its principal(prenominal) ingredient and well, what do you have? Etag burgerSo, heres a simple recipe to help you make your own etag burger. birth a nice piece of etag cluster. I sug gest you choose a chunk with twenty percent fat. Grind your meat at a local bumblers or check yet, roil it with your own chopper or meat grinderer (but make sure you tenderloin it into one to one and a half cubes initial, to ease up the process). Next, wet your custody with water, this go out keep the meat from sticking to your hands. It leave also free the grind etag to come together and prevents it from over-handling. After detrition the meat, regularize it in a puffy bowl. Add pepper and other flavourer to add more taste.You dont need to add salt to it for the meat salty enough. If you want to make it healthier, you can toss in small slices of your preferred vegetable like carrots, bell peppers and potatoes. Mix it gently victimisation your hands until it is loosely mixed. Then, scoop the sum of meat you want from the mixture. Normally, burgers shrink and suck out in during cooking. In order to pass this, put a dimple at the center (this can be done by poking the middle of the bar with your forefinger). This will result to an even bar-shaped burger in the end. If you are training to cook it after preparing, heat up your pan first to a steady high temperature.Pour oil until the pan is sizzling. This will prevent your patty from sticking to the pan. Upon frying, avoid pressing the burgers. This will release the juices and flavors of your patty. Let it sit for 5 minutes for thorough cooking. Flip it if you compute the patty is well done. Let your burgers alleviation after you take it from the pan. This will bear the patty to finish cooking. Also, it will allow the juice of the burger to be distributed thoroughly. Finally, like both other burgers sold in the market, put you cooked etag patty in a bun. You could hold onion rings, lettuce and tomato in it.Add you favorite sauce like catsup, mustard or mayonnaise for a more change taste. To maintain the right flavors and if you are planning to not cook the etag patties for a while, be tter put it in the freezer. Through this the patties will stay together and juicy. Voila You now have your very own etag burger-fusing old tradition and modern gastronomic practice in one. //Reden C. Reyes Sources Anonymous. Who doesnt love etag? Retrieved on October 19, 2012 from The Igorot Journal. http//www. igorotjournal. com/2010/07/who-doesnt-love-etag. hypertext mark-up language Anonymous. Go Grab Grub 5 What to do with Etag (smoked mountain ham).Retrieved on October 19, 2012 from grabgrub. wordpress. com. http//grabgrub. wordpress. com/tag/etag-etag-recipes/ Molly Watson. 10 tips for perfect burgers. Retrieved on October 19, 2012 from About. com. http//localfoods. about. com/od/grillingtips/tp/10-Tips-For-Perfect-Burgers. htm Laura Dolson. Tips for Cooking the Best Hamburgers. Retrieved on October 19, 2012 from lowcarbdiets. about. com. http//lowcarbdiets. about. com/od/cooking/a/easybestburgers. htm Donald Daryl Ayochok Daoey. Innasin. Retrieved on October 20, 2012 from d aoey. tripod. com. http//daoey. tripod. com/innasin. html